How Mycoplasma Infections Spread and What You Need to Know

One of the most common types of mycoplasma infection is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen responsible for primary atypical pneumonia. This bacterial strain spreads easily through respiratory droplets when infected individuals cough or sneeze. Both symptomatic patients and asymptomatic carriers can act as sources of transmission, making containment challenging in crowded environments such as schools and households.

Respiratory Mycoplasma: Symptoms and Transmission

Mycoplasma pneumonia affects people of all ages but is particularly prevalent among preschool children and young adults. The incubation period is notably long—ranging from 2 to 3 weeks—which allows the bacteria to spread silently before symptoms appear. Unlike typical bacterial pneumonia, this form develops gradually and may initially resemble a mild cold.

Common signs include persistent fever, headaches, sore throat, chest discomfort, and a dry, lingering cough. In more severe cases, complications such as bronchitis, tracheobronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media (middle ear infection), and even enlarged lymph nodes can occur. Although lung inflammation tends to progress slowly and recovery may take several weeks, the overall prognosis for most patients is excellent with proper care.

Seasonal Patterns and Outbreak Potential

This infection occurs year-round but sees higher incidence during colder months, especially winter. It often spreads in closed communities like dormitories, military barracks, and daycare centers, leading to small-scale outbreaks. Because symptoms are mild in many cases, infections can go undiagnosed, contributing to ongoing transmission.

Genital Mycoplasma: A Sexually Transmitted Concern

In recent years, genital mycoplasma infections have gained recognition as an emerging category of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The primary mode of transmission among adults is through sexual contact. Common species involved include Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum, which colonize the mucosal surfaces of the urogenital tract.

In men, the infection typically targets the urethra, causing symptoms such as burning during urination, frequent urges to urinate, and urethral discharge. Women may experience increased vaginal discharge that appears cloudy, along with cervical redness, swelling, and irritation. If left untreated, these infections can lead to more serious reproductive health issues, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and fertility complications.

Transmission to Newborns

Infants can acquire mycoplasma infections during childbirth if the mother carries the bacteria in her genital tract. The most common outcomes in newborns are neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term respiratory problems in babies exposed during delivery.

Prevention strategies include practicing safe sex, routine screening for STIs, and maintaining good respiratory hygiene—especially during peak illness seasons. While mycoplasma infections are generally treatable with antibiotics like macrolides or tetracyclines, rising antimicrobial resistance, particularly in M. genitalium, underscores the importance of accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy.