Signs and Symptoms of Mycoplasma Infections: What You Need to Know

When it comes to respiratory infections, one of the more common yet often overlooked pathogens is Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This atypical bacterium can lead to a condition commonly referred to as "walking pneumonia." Unlike typical bacterial pneumonia, symptoms tend to develop gradually and may include persistent dry cough, low-grade fever, fatigue, and sore throat. These signs are usually mild but can linger for several weeks if left untreated.

Respiratory Manifestations of Mycoplasma Infection

One of the hallmark features of Mycoplasma pneumonia is that patients may appear less ill than they actually are. Despite experiencing ongoing cough and mild fever, many individuals remain ambulatory—hence the term "walking pneumonia." Chest auscultation might reveal minimal or no abnormalities, which can be misleading. However, imaging studies such as chest X-rays or CT scans often show patchy infiltrates or localized lung inflammation, confirming the presence of an underlying infection even when physical signs are subtle.

In addition to cough and fever, some patients report headaches, malaise, and even ear pain or skin rashes. Because symptoms overlap with those of viral infections, Mycoplasma pneumonia is sometimes misdiagnosed. Accurate diagnosis typically requires specific laboratory testing, including PCR assays or serological analysis, especially in cases where outbreaks occur in schools, military barracks, or other close-contact environments.

Genitourinary Infections Caused by Mycoplasma Species

Beyond the respiratory tract, certain types of Mycoplasma—particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium—can infect the urogenital system. These organisms are primarily transmitted through sexual contact and can lead to a range of genitourinary complications in both men and women.

In Men: Urinary and Reproductive Tract Involvement

Male patients infected with urogenital Mycoplasma species may experience symptoms resembling acute urinary tract infections. These include frequent urination, urgency, burning during urination (dysuria), and sometimes discharge from the urethra. If left untreated, the infection can ascend to the prostate or epididymis, potentially leading to chronic pelvic pain or fertility issues.

In Women: Vaginal and Cervical Complications

In females, Mycoplasma infections are associated with conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, cervicitis, and even pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Cervical inflammation may present with visible changes like erosion, ulceration, or swelling during a gynecological exam. Some women may notice abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding after intercourse. Importantly, these infections can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth and low birth weight.

Because these infections are sexually transmitted, both partners should be tested and treated simultaneously to prevent reinfection. Routine screening is not always performed, so awareness and proactive discussion with healthcare providers are essential, especially for individuals with recurrent urinary or reproductive health issues.

Prevention and When to Seek Medical Advice

Given the stealthy nature of Mycoplasma infections—whether respiratory or genital—it's important to pay attention to persistent symptoms that don't resolve with standard treatments. Practicing safe sex, maintaining good hygiene, and seeking timely medical evaluation can help reduce transmission and complications.

If you're experiencing prolonged cough, unexplained urinary discomfort, or genital symptoms without a clear cause, consider discussing the possibility of a Mycoplasma infection with your doctor. Early detection and appropriate antibiotic therapy—often with macrolides, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones—can lead to full recovery and help prevent long-term health consequences.