How Women Can Contract Mycoplasma Infections: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Women can contract mycoplasma infections through various biological and environmental pathways. While mycoplasma species are among the smallest free-living microorganisms, certain types—particularly Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum (ureaplasma), and Mycoplasma hominis—are known to cause infections in the urogenital tract. These infections often go undetected due to mild or asymptomatic presentations, yet they can lead to significant health complications if left untreated.
Common Causes of Mycoplasma Infection in Women
1. Weakened Immune System
A compromised immune system significantly increases a woman's susceptibility to mycoplasma infections. When the body's natural defenses are weakened—due to stress, poor nutrition, chronic illness, or lack of sleep—it becomes easier for opportunistic pathogens like mycoplasma to establish an infection. Although many women may be exposed to these microorganisms at some point, those with strong immune systems often clear the exposure without developing symptoms. However, individuals with lowered immunity may struggle to fight off the bacteria, leading to colonization and potential infection in the urinary or reproductive tracts.
2. Sexual Transmission
One of the primary routes of mycoplasma transmission is through sexual contact. Mycoplasma genitalium, in particular, is classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) by global health organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO). Unprotected intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use elevate the risk of acquiring and spreading the bacteria. It's important to note that mycoplasma can infect both men and women, and infected individuals may remain asymptomatic while still transmitting the organism to their partners.
In addition to direct transmission during vaginal intercourse, oral-genital contact may also contribute to the spread of certain mycoplasma species. Because symptoms such as vaginal discharge, burning during urination, or pelvic discomfort are often mild or mistaken for other conditions like bacterial vaginosis or yeast infections, diagnosis can be delayed.
Other Contributing Factors
Microbiome Imbalance
The health of the vaginal microbiome plays a crucial role in preventing infections. A balanced microbiota dominated by beneficial Lactobacillus species helps maintain an acidic environment that inhibits harmful bacteria. Disruptions caused by douching, antibiotics, hormonal changes, or menstruation can create favorable conditions for mycoplasma overgrowth.
Lack of Routine Screening
Unlike more common STIs such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, routine screening for mycoplasma is not standard in many healthcare settings. This gap in testing means infections can persist undiagnosed, increasing the risk of complications such as cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and even infertility in severe cases.
Prevention and Awareness
Practicing safe sex, maintaining good hygiene, supporting immune health through diet and lifestyle, and undergoing regular gynecological check-ups are key strategies for reducing the risk of mycoplasma infection. Women experiencing persistent genitourinary symptoms should request specific nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), which are highly effective in detecting mycoplasma DNA.
Increased awareness and open conversations about lesser-known STIs like mycoplasma are essential for early detection and treatment. By understanding how these infections occur and taking proactive steps, women can better protect their reproductive health and overall well-being.