What Is Pancreatitis?

Acute pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, primarily due to the activation of pancreatic enzymes—especially trypsin—within the organ itself, leading to autodigestion of pancreatic tissue. From a pathological perspective, this disease can manifest as edema, hyperemia (increased blood flow), or even hemorrhagic necrosis in severe cases.

One of the most common symptoms is upper abdominal pain, often radiating to the back. This discomfort may be accompanied by bloating and tenderness in the abdomen. Additionally, patients might experience non-specific signs such as nausea, vomiting, and fever, which can sometimes make diagnosis challenging without proper testing.

Laboratory findings typically include elevated white blood cell counts and increased levels of serum and urinary amylase, which are key indicators used in the diagnostic process. Imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scans, can reveal fluid accumulation around the pancreas. In more severe cases, imaging may show signs of pancreatic necrosis or damage to surrounding tissues.

When it comes to causes, there are notable geographical differences. In Asia, gallstone-induced pancreatitis is the most prevalent type. It usually occurs when gallstones pass from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and become lodged at the junction where the bile and pancreatic ducts meet. On the other hand, in Western countries, alcohol abuse is the primary cause of chronic pancreatitis. Long-term excessive alcohol consumption can lead to progressive damage to the pancreatic tissue, ultimately resulting in impaired function.

Understanding these regional variations and clinical presentations is essential for timely diagnosis and effective treatment of pancreatitis.