What Is Mycoplasma Pneumonia in Children?

Mycoplasma pneumonia, often referred to as "walking pneumonia," is a type of lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. While not as severe as typical bacterial pneumonias, it falls under the category of atypical pneumonia and can significantly impact respiratory health—especially in school-aged children. Unlike many other forms of pneumonia, mycoplasma infections tend to spread gradually and produce milder symptoms, which sometimes leads to delayed diagnosis.

Understanding the Scope and Prevalence

This form of pneumonia accounts for an estimated 10% to 40% of all community-acquired pneumonia cases, particularly during outbreaks in schools or closed environments. It tends to affect older children more than toddlers, with the highest incidence occurring in those between the ages of 5 and 12. In contrast, children under 3 years old are less commonly affected, likely due to differences in immune development and exposure patterns.

Common Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

The hallmark signs of mycoplasma pneumonia include persistent fever and a dry cough. The fever may fluctuate in intensity and typically lasts between one to three weeks without treatment. Initially, the cough is non-productive and continuous, but over time it can worsen and resemble the paroxysmal (spasmodic) coughing seen in pertussis, or whooping cough. Other symptoms may include fatigue, sore throat, headache, and malaise, making it easy to mistake for a common cold or viral illness.

Why Early Recognition Matters

Because symptoms develop gradually and are often mild, many parents and caregivers may not realize the seriousness of the condition early on. This delay can lead to prolonged discomfort and potential complications such as bronchitis, ear infections, or even pneumonia-related hospitalization in vulnerable individuals. Recognizing the pattern of persistent cough and prolonged low-grade fever is key to seeking timely medical evaluation.

Transmission and Prevention Strategies

Mycoplasma spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Close-contact settings like classrooms, daycare centers, and households increase transmission risk. While there's no vaccine available, preventive measures such as regular handwashing, covering the mouth when coughing, and staying home when sick can help reduce spread.

Treatment and Recovery Outlook

Antibiotics such as macrolides are effective if administered early, especially in pediatric cases. However, some strains have shown resistance, emphasizing the need for proper diagnosis and responsible antibiotic use. Most children recover fully within a few weeks with appropriate care, though fatigue and cough may linger for some time after the infection clears.

In summary, mycoplasma pneumonia is a common yet often underestimated cause of respiratory illness in children. Awareness of its unique symptoms, transmission patterns, and treatment options empowers parents and healthcare providers to respond effectively and support faster recovery.