Who Is at Higher Risk for Pulmonary Embolism? Key Factors and Prevention Tips

Understanding Pulmonary Embolism and Its High-Risk Groups

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious medical condition that occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs, blocking one or more arteries. While anyone can develop PE, certain individuals face a significantly higher risk due to lifestyle, health conditions, or occupational factors. Recognizing these risk factors early can lead to better prevention and improved outcomes.

Major Risk Groups for Pulmonary Embolism

Several population groups are particularly vulnerable to pulmonary embolism. Being aware of these categories can help in taking proactive steps toward reducing risk.

1. Individuals with Obesity

Obesity is a well-documented risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which often leads to pulmonary embolism. Excess body weight increases pressure in the veins of the pelvis and legs, impairing circulation and promoting clot formation. People with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 should be especially cautious and consider regular cardiovascular check-ups.

2. Older Adults, Especially with Preexisting Conditions

Aging naturally slows blood flow and reduces mobility, increasing clotting risks. This is particularly true for seniors who also suffer from hyperlipidemia or high cholesterol. These conditions contribute to poor vascular health, making elderly individuals more susceptible to clot development. Routine monitoring of lipid levels and heart health is strongly recommended for this group.

3. People with Prolonged Inactivity

Sedentary behavior—especially long periods of immobility—is a major contributor to blood clots. This includes individuals who are bedridden after surgery or illness, as well as those engaging in extended sitting, such as during overnight gaming sessions or long-haul travel by plane, train, or ship.

This phenomenon is commonly known as economy class syndrome, where cramped seating and lack of movement increase the likelihood of DVT. Travelers are advised to stretch, walk periodically, and stay hydrated during long journeys to reduce their risk.

4. Women of Reproductive Age Using Hormonal Contraceptives

Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies can elevate estrogen levels, which in turn increases the blood's tendency to clot. Women in their childbearing years, especially those who smoke or have a family history of clotting disorders, should consult their doctors before starting hormonal birth control.

The combination of smoking and contraceptive use dramatically raises the risk of pulmonary embolism, making lifestyle choices an essential part of risk assessment.

5. Professionals Who Stand for Extended Periods

While prolonged sitting is dangerous, so is standing motionless for hours. Occupations such as security personnel, chefs, and teachers often require long durations on their feet without adequate breaks. This constant pressure on the lower limbs can hinder venous return and promote clot formation.

Those in such professions should consider wearing compression stockings, taking short movement breaks, and elevating their legs when possible to maintain healthy circulation.

Prevention and Early Detection Matter

Understanding your personal risk for pulmonary embolism is the first step toward prevention. Simple lifestyle changes—like staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding prolonged immobility—can make a significant difference. If you belong to any of the high-risk groups mentioned above, talk to your healthcare provider about preventive strategies, including medication or compression therapy when appropriate.

Early symptoms such as sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or leg swelling should never be ignored. Prompt medical attention can save lives.