Bronchiectasis Symptoms: Understanding Causes, Warning Signs, and Long-Term Risks

One of the most common underlying causes of bronchiectasis is a history of chronic respiratory conditions, including persistent coughing, tuberculosis, or long-term lung infections. These conditions can lead to repeated cycles of inflammation and tissue damage in the lungs. During the body's natural healing process, scar tissue may form and cause abnormal stretching and widening of the bronchial tubes—this structural change is known as bronchiectasis. Individuals who suffered from severe childhood illnesses such as whooping cough (pertussis) or measles-related pneumonia are also at an increased risk of developing this condition later in life.

Early Signs and Common Symptoms

In the early stages, bronchiectasis often goes unnoticed because many patients do not experience obvious symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, the most typical signs begin to emerge. Chronic cough and excessive mucus production are among the first noticeable indicators. Over time, these symptoms tend to become more frequent and intense, especially if the condition remains untreated.

Changes in Mucus and Respiratory Distress

The nature of the sputum produced can offer important clues about the severity of the condition. Initially, mucus may be clear or white, but as infection worsens, it often turns yellow or greenish—indicating bacterial involvement. In more advanced cases, blood-tinged or even brick-red phlegm may appear due to damaged airway walls. Some individuals may notice a foul or putrid odor in their sputum, which could suggest anaerobic bacterial infection. Additionally, episodes of hemoptysis—ranging from small streaks of blood to severe, large-volume coughing up of blood—are not uncommon and require immediate medical evaluation.

Progression and Serious Complications

If left unmanaged, bronchiectasis can lead to progressive destruction of lung tissue. This deterioration affects the lungs' ability to oxygenate the blood efficiently, potentially leading to systemic complications. One visible sign of chronic oxygen deprivation is clubbing of the fingers, where fingertips become abnormally rounded and nails thicken—a clinical marker often associated with long-standing respiratory or cardiovascular diseases.

Risks of Advanced Disease

As the burden on the respiratory system increases, patients may develop secondary conditions such as hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels), cyanosis (bluish skin discoloration), and eventually cor pulmonale—a form of right-sided heart failure caused by chronic lung disease. In severe cases, respiratory failure may occur, requiring supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation.