Bronchiolitis in Infants: Common Symptoms, Signs, and What Parents Should Know

Infant bronchiolitis is a common respiratory condition that primarily affects babies under the age of two, especially during the colder months. It typically occurs when a viral infection causes inflammation in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs. Recognizing the early signs can help parents seek timely medical care and manage symptoms effectively.

Key Symptoms of Bronchiolitis in Babies

Persistent and Productive Cough

One of the most noticeable signs of bronchiolitis is a persistent cough. This isn't just a mild tickle—it's often deep and accompanied by mucus production. Due to their underdeveloped respiratory muscles and narrow air passages, infants struggle to expel phlegm effectively, leading to prolonged coughing episodes that may worsen at night or during feeding.

Fever and Elevated Body Temperature

Many infants with bronchiolitis develop a fever as the body fights off the viral infection. While low-grade fevers are common, it's not unusual for temperatures to rise above 39°C (102.2°F), particularly in younger babies. High fever should be monitored closely, as it may indicate a more serious underlying infection or secondary bacterial complication.

Gastrointestinal Distress

Beyond respiratory issues, bronchiolitis can also impact the digestive system. Some infants may experience vomiting, especially after intense coughing fits. Additional symptoms such as bloating, reduced appetite, and even diarrhea can occur, making hydration and nutrition a key concern during recovery.

Increased Breathing Rate and Respiratory Distress

A hallmark sign of bronchiolitis is rapid or labored breathing. Parents may notice their baby breathing faster than usual—sometimes more than 60 breaths per minute. This condition, known as tachypnea, is the body's response to restricted airflow. In more severe cases, you might observe flaring nostrils, chest retractions (where the skin pulls in around the ribs), or grunting sounds with each breath.

What You Might Hear: Abnormal Lung Sounds

Excess mucus in the airways can lead to audible symptoms. Parents may detect a rattling or gurgling noise when their baby breathes—commonly referred to as "wet" or "chesty" breathing. During an examination, healthcare providers using a stethoscope often hear coarse crackles or wheezing, medically termed rhonchi, which confirm airway obstruction due to mucus buildup.

These sounds are especially prominent during exhalation and may intensify when the infant is lying down or feeding. While not always dangerous, they signal that the lungs are working harder to maintain oxygen flow, warranting close observation and, in some cases, medical intervention.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Although most cases of bronchiolitis are mild and resolve on their own within one to two weeks, certain warning signs require immediate evaluation. Contact your pediatrician if your baby shows signs of dehydration, pauses in breathing (apnea), bluish lips or face, extreme fatigue, or difficulty feeding due to breathing problems.

Early diagnosis and supportive care play a crucial role in ensuring a smooth recovery. By understanding the full spectrum of symptoms—from persistent cough and high fever to gastrointestinal discomfort and labored breathing—parents can better advocate for their child's health and respond promptly when professional help is needed.