Common Symptoms of Migraine: What You Need to Know

Migraines are more than just headaches—they are complex neurological events that can significantly impact daily life. Understanding the stages and symptoms of migraines is crucial for proper diagnosis and management. Most migraine episodes progress through four distinct phases: prodrome, aura, attack, and postdrome. Each phase comes with its own set of symptoms, and not everyone experiences all of them.

The Four Stages of a Migraine

1. Prodrome Phase: Early Warning Signs

In the hours or even days before a migraine attack begins, many people experience subtle changes in their body and mood. This initial stage, known as the prodrome phase, acts as an early warning system. Common symptoms include fatigue, irritability, frequent yawning, neck stiffness, increased thirst, food cravings, and gastrointestinal disturbances such as constipation or diarrhea. Recognizing these signs can help individuals take preventive measures, like avoiding known triggers or starting medication early.

2. Aura Phase: Sensory Disturbances Before Pain

Not everyone with migraines experiences an aura, but for those who do, it typically occurs shortly before or during the headache phase. Auras are temporary neurological symptoms that usually last between 5 to 60 minutes. The most common type is visual aura, where individuals may see flashing lights, zigzag lines, blind spots, or shimmering dots. Some may also experience sensory disturbances, such as tingling in the hands or face, or speech difficulties. Olfactory hallucinations—smelling unpleasant or unusual odors that aren't present—are also reported by some patients, adding another layer of complexity to this phase.

3. Attack Phase: The Migraine Headache

This is the most recognizable stage—the actual migraine headache. Approximately 60% of sufferers report a throbbing or pulsating pain on one side of the head, although the pain can shift to both sides or start at the top of the head. The intensity ranges from moderate to severe and is often worsened by physical activity. Other accompanying symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and heightened sensitivity to light (photophobia), sound (phonophobia), and sometimes smell. Without treatment, a migraine attack can last anywhere from 4 to 72 hours, disrupting work, social activities, and overall well-being.

4. Postdrome Phase: The "Migraine Hangover"

After the headache subsides, many people enter the postdrome phase, often described as a "migraine hangover." During this recovery period, individuals may feel drained, mentally foggy, or unusually sensitive. Some report feeling elated, while others experience continued fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and low energy levels. This phase can last up to a day, emphasizing the importance of rest and hydration for full recovery.

Understanding these phases empowers individuals to manage their condition more effectively. Tracking symptoms with a journal or app can help identify patterns and triggers, leading to better prevention strategies. If you suspect you have migraines, consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.