Emergency First Aid for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: What You Need to Know

Understanding Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Immediate Response

A subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening condition caused by bleeding into the space surrounding the brain. It often results from a ruptured aneurysm and requires immediate medical intervention. Recognizing the signs and knowing how to respond can significantly improve survival rates and reduce long-term complications.

Step-by-Step Emergency Measures

Call Emergency Services Immediately: The first and most critical step is to dial your local emergency number—such as 911 in the U.S.—without delay. Time is crucial when dealing with brain hemorrhages, and professional medical help must be summoned as quickly as possible.

Ensure Complete Rest and Minimize Movement

The affected individual should remain completely still. Any physical exertion, straining, or emotional stress can increase intracranial pressure and worsen the bleeding. Instruct the person to lie flat on their back and avoid actions like coughing forcefully or straining during bowel movements, which can elevate blood pressure and aggravate the condition.

Positioning for Safety and Comfort

If the patient is unconscious or showing signs of confusion, gently turn them onto their side in the recovery position. This helps prevent choking if vomiting occurs. Clear any visible vomit or saliva from the mouth to maintain an open airway and reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia.

Do not give anything by mouth—including water, food, or medication—until medical professionals arrive. Swallowing may be impaired, increasing the chance of choking or inhaling foreign substances into the lungs.

Managing High Blood Pressure

In cases where the person is conscious and known to have high blood pressure, emergency antihypertensive medications may be considered—but only under medical guidance. Self-administering drugs without proper evaluation can be dangerous. Wait for paramedics to assess vitals and administer appropriate treatment.

Optimal Body Positioning to Reduce Intracranial Pressure

While waiting for help, elevate the head and upper body slightly—approximately 30 degrees—to promote venous drainage from the brain. This positioning helps lower intracranial pressure and supports stable cerebral circulation, potentially minimizing secondary brain injury.

Cooling the Head to Limit Brain Damage

Applying a cold pack or ice wrapped in a cloth to the head or neck area may help slow down metabolic activity in the brain and reduce swelling. This simple measure can assist in limiting cerebral edema, though it should never replace urgent hospital care.

Final Thoughts: Speed Saves Lives

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a neurological emergency that demands rapid action. By staying calm, calling for help immediately, and following these evidence-based first aid steps, bystanders can play a vital role in improving outcomes. Always remember: every minute counts when protecting brain function and saving lives.