What Is Brachial Plexus Injury? Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Recovery Options

The brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck, specifically from the nerve roots C5 to T1. These nerves are responsible for controlling muscle movements and transmitting sensory signals in the shoulder, arm, and hand. When any part of this intricate system—whether at the level of the nerve roots, trunks, divisions, cords, or terminal branches—is damaged, it results in what is known as a brachial plexus injury.

How Does a Brachial Plexus Injury Occur?

Injuries to the brachial plexus can stem from various traumatic and non-traumatic causes. Common mechanisms include sharp injuries such as cuts or stab wounds, high-impact car or motorcycle accidents, sports-related collisions, childbirth complications (especially in newborns during difficult deliveries), and even tumors or inflammation pressing on the nerves. One of the most frequent scenarios involves sudden stretching or traction forces on the neck and shoulder—such as when the head is violently pulled away from the shoulder during a fall or crash.

Types and Severity of Nerve Damage

Brachial plexus injuries vary widely in severity. At the milder end, neuropraxia involves temporary damage where the nerve remains intact but loses function due to shock or compression. In more severe cases, such as ruptures or avulsions (where the nerve is torn from the spinal cord), permanent disability may occur without surgical intervention. The location and extent of the injury determine whether symptoms affect the upper arm (C5–C6 injuries, often called "Erb's Palsy") or extend into the forearm and hand (C8–T1 injuries, sometimes referred to as "Klumpke's Palsy").

Symptoms You Shouldn't Ignore

Individuals suffering from a brachial plexus injury may experience a range of symptoms, including weakness or complete loss of movement in the arm or hand, numbness or tingling sensations, burning pain radiating down the arm, or even paralysis. In newborns, signs might include limited movement on one side of the body or a lack of reflexes in the affected arm. Early diagnosis through physical exams, electromyography (EMG), MRI, or nerve conduction studies is crucial for determining the best treatment path.

Treatment and Long-Term Outlook

Recovery depends heavily on the type and timing of the injury. Mild cases may resolve on their own within weeks or months with physical therapy and supportive care. However, severe injuries often require surgical options like nerve grafts, nerve transfers, or muscle transfers to restore function. Rehabilitation plays a vital role, involving occupational therapy, strength training, and adaptive techniques to improve daily living. With prompt medical attention and a comprehensive recovery plan, many patients regain significant function—even after serious trauma.

While brachial plexus injuries are among the most challenging nerve conditions, advances in neurology and reconstructive surgery continue to improve outcomes. Raising awareness about prevention, early detection, and multidisciplinary treatment approaches is key to minimizing long-term disability and helping patients reclaim mobility and independence.