How to Manage High Muscle Tone After Spinal Cord Injury

Understanding Spinal Cord Injury and Its Impact on Muscle Control

Spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to damage to the spinal cord caused by trauma, disease, or other medical conditions, often resulting in a loss of motor function, sensory disturbances, and impaired bladder or bowel control below the level of injury. When the corticospinal tract—one of the main pathways responsible for voluntary movement—is affected, it can lead to spastic paralysis on the same side of the body as the lesion. This condition is commonly characterized by increased muscle tone, hyperactive reflexes, and stiffness in the limbs, especially in the lower extremities.

Common Symptoms of Elevated Muscle Tone Post-Injury

One of the most challenging complications following spinal cord injury is spasticity—abnormal muscle tightness due to heightened neuromuscular activity. Patients may experience rigid muscles, involuntary spasms, and reduced range of motion, particularly in the legs. This not only affects mobility but can also lead to discomfort, joint contractures, and difficulties with daily activities and rehabilitation progress.

Medical Treatments to Reduce Muscle Hypertonicity

To address high muscle tone, a comprehensive treatment approach is essential. In the acute phase, physicians often prescribe corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and swelling around the spinal cord. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy may also be administered to modulate immune responses, while B-complex vitamins support nerve regeneration and metabolic function. Additionally, vasodilating medications are used to enhance blood flow to the injured area, promoting healing and tissue oxygenation.

Pharmacological Management: The Role of Baclofen

For ongoing management of spasticity, oral baclofen is a widely recommended muscle relaxant. Typically prescribed at doses of 5–10 mg taken two to three times daily, baclofen works by acting on GABA-B receptors in the central nervous system to suppress excessive nerve signals that cause muscle stiffness. It has proven effective in reducing spasms and improving patient comfort, although dosage should be carefully adjusted based on individual response and tolerance.

Integrative Therapies for Long-Term Relief

Beyond medication, incorporating physical and complementary therapies plays a crucial role in managing hypertonia. Regular passive and active stretching exercises help maintain joint flexibility and prevent muscle shortening. Physical therapists often guide patients through targeted movement programs to improve neuromuscular control and functional independence.

Manual and Alternative Treatment Options

Massage therapy can significantly alleviate muscle tension by increasing circulation and relaxing tight tissues. Acupuncture, rooted in traditional Chinese medicine, has gained recognition in Western rehabilitation settings for its ability to modulate nerve activity and reduce spasticity. When combined with herbal formulas aimed at promoting blood circulation and meridian regulation, these integrative approaches offer a holistic path to symptom relief.

Towards a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Strategy

Effectively managing high muscle tone after spinal cord injury requires a multidisciplinary strategy combining pharmacology, physical therapy, and alternative treatments. Personalized care plans tailored to the patient's injury level, severity of spasticity, and lifestyle goals yield the best outcomes. With consistent treatment and support, individuals can achieve improved mobility, enhanced quality of life, and greater participation in rehabilitation efforts.