What Is Favism and How Does It Affect the Body?

Favism, also known as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency-related hemolytic anemia, is a genetic metabolic disorder that triggers acute hemolysis when individuals consume fava beans or are exposed to certain oxidative stressors. This condition stems from a lack of the G6PD enzyme, which plays a critical role in protecting red blood cells from oxidative damage. Without sufficient levels of this enzyme, red blood cells become fragile and rupture prematurely, leading to intravascular hemolysis—essentially, the destruction of red blood cells within the bloodstream.

Understanding the Causes Behind Favism

This inherited X-linked recessive disorder primarily affects males more than females, though carriers can still experience symptoms under specific triggers. The most common trigger is the ingestion of raw or cooked fava beans, but certain medications, infections, and even naphthalene (found in mothballs) can provoke a similar reaction. The body's inability to neutralize reactive oxygen species results in widespread red blood cell breakdown, initiating a cascade of clinical symptoms.

Symptoms to Watch For After Consuming Fava Beans

Most individuals begin showing signs within 12 to 48 hours after exposure. Early indicators include fatigue, malaise, fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting. As the condition progresses, gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea may develop. One of the hallmark signs is jaundice—yellowing of the skin and eyes—due to the buildup of bilirubin from destroyed red blood cells.

Another key symptom is dark-colored urine, often described as resembling tea, cola, or soy sauce. This discoloration occurs because hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream and filtered by the kidneys. In severe cases, patients may experience rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, and signs of acute kidney injury due to hemoglobin overload in the renal system.

Potential Complications and When to Seek Medical Help

If left untreated, favism can escalate quickly. Severe hemolytic episodes may lead to hypovolemic shock, acute renal failure, and in extreme cases, multi-organ dysfunction or death. Parents should be especially vigilant if children—particularly those with a known history of G6PD deficiency—consume fava beans and suddenly exhibit any of the aforementioned symptoms.

during suspected episodes. Treatment typically involves discontinuing exposure to the trigger, supportive care such as hydration and oxygen therapy, and in critical cases, blood transfusions or dialysis. Early diagnosis through newborn screening or genetic testing can help manage the condition proactively.

Prevention and Living Safely with G6PD Deficiency

While there is no cure for G6PD deficiency, awareness and prevention are key. Individuals diagnosed with the condition should avoid fava beans entirely and consult healthcare providers before taking new medications. Many commonly used drugs—including certain antibiotics and antimalarials—are contraindicated. Educating families, schools, and caregivers ensures better protection, especially for young children who may unknowingly ingest harmful substances.

In regions where G6PD deficiency is prevalent, public health initiatives often include routine screening and community education. By understanding the risks and taking preventive measures, individuals with this genetic trait can lead healthy, normal lives while avoiding life-threatening complications.