Gastroenteritis Causes and Symptoms

Gastroenteritis is typically caused by microbial infections, although it can also result from exposure to chemical toxins or certain medications that trigger acute inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. It is one of the most common digestive system illnesses, particularly during the summer and autumn months. Areas with poor public hygiene and households with inadequate sanitation are more prone to outbreaks.

Common causes include viral or bacterial infections, with pathogens such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Vibrio, and Staphylococcus being frequently implicated. These microorganisms often spread through contaminated food—especially seafood—or polluted water sources. Poor kitchen hygiene, such as unclean utensils, and a lack of handwashing before meals also contribute significantly to transmission.

The primary symptom of gastroenteritis is diarrhea, accompanied by other signs like nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and reduced appetite. Severe cases may lead to rapid dehydration, which manifests as intense thirst, decreased or darker urine output, dry skin, low blood pressure, and potassium deficiency.

Treatment primarily involves rehydration and electrolyte replacement. Patients are advised to drink plenty of fluids, including both salted and non-salted liquids, to restore balance. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed depending on the cause of infection. Most patients recover well from acute gastroenteritis, though there is a risk that the condition could progress into a chronic form if not properly managed. Early intervention and proper hydration play key roles in improving outcomes and reducing complications.