Early Signs of Encephalitis in Infants

Encephalitis in infants can present with a variety of early symptoms depending on the underlying cause. Recognizing these signs early is crucial for prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Viral Encephalitis

One of the most common forms, viral encephalitis, often begins with flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, and vomiting. Infants may appear unusually drowsy or irritable. As the condition progresses, neurological symptoms may develop, including seizures, altered consciousness, and even coma. Since infants cannot verbally express symptoms like headache, healthcare providers often look for physical indicators such as a bulging fontanelle. A combination of fever and a swollen soft spot on the head should raise concern for possible encephalitis. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through lumbar puncture and brain imaging studies.

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis tends to be more severe and progresses rapidly. Infants may experience persistent high fever, frequent vomiting, and extreme lethargy. A bulging fontanelle is also a key sign in younger babies. In more serious cases, symptoms can escalate quickly to include seizures and loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is essential due to the life-threatening nature of bacterial infections.

Tuberculous and Other Central Meningitis Types

Slow-Onset Symptoms

Encephalitis caused by tuberculosis or other central nervous system infections often has a more gradual onset. Early signs may be subtle and nonspecific, such as mild fever, poor appetite, weight loss, and general irritability or fatigue. These symptoms can easily be mistaken for less serious conditions, making early diagnosis more challenging.

Progressive Neurological Decline

As the disease advances, more pronounced neurological symptoms begin to appear. These may include cranial nerve dysfunction, seizures, confusion, and eventually coma. Parents and caregivers should be vigilant for any unusual behavior or physical changes in infants, especially if symptoms persist or worsen over time.