Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Understanding the Condition

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by widespread inflammation and damage to the central nervous system. While the exact cause remains unclear, medical experts believe it is often triggered by an abnormal immune response following a viral infection or, less commonly, vaccination. Although it can affect individuals of any age, it predominantly occurs in children and infants.

Causes and Risk Factors

Although ADEM has no single confirmed cause, many researchers suggest that it is often preceded by infections such as measles, mumps, or even common cold viruses. In some cases, it may follow immunization, although this is extremely rare and typically associated with older vaccine formulations. With the development of safer and more advanced vaccines, the incidence of ADEM has been steadily declining worldwide.

Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

Common Neurological Symptoms

Patients with ADEM may experience a wide range of symptoms due to the inflammation affecting the brain and spinal cord. Typical signs include fever, headache, confusion, and changes in consciousness. Some children may also develop meningeal irritation symptoms, such as stiff neck and sensitivity to light.

Severe Manifestations

In more severe cases, neurological symptoms can progress rapidly. Infants and young children may suddenly exhibit opisthotonus — a condition where the body arches backward due to severe muscle spasms. Additional symptoms such as high fever, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite are commonly observed, requiring immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis and Medical Evaluation

Accurate diagnosis of ADEM involves a comprehensive clinical evaluation and several diagnostic tests. One of the key procedures used is lumbar puncture, an invasive but essential method that allows doctors to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid analysis helps identify abnormal immune activity and rule out other potential causes of neurological symptoms.