What Are the Symptoms of Autoimmune Encephalitis?

Autoimmune encephalitis is a condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the brain, leading to inflammation. This occurs when the immune system produces antibodies that target the nervous system, resulting in a range of neurological symptoms. One of the most common types diagnosed in clinical settings is anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The condition typically presents with six primary symptom categories.

Cognitive and Behavioral Changes

One of the hallmark signs of autoimmune encephalitis is altered mental status, including confusion, memory loss, and significant behavioral changes. Patients may experience difficulties with concentration, disorientation, or even develop psychiatric symptoms resembling psychosis.

Speech and Communication Impairments

Speech disturbances are also frequently observed. These can include continuous, repetitive speech that is difficult to interrupt, slurred speech (dysarthria), or a marked reduction in verbal output. Communication challenges can vary in severity and may progress over time.

Epileptic Seizures

Seizures are particularly common in children diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis, with approximately 50% experiencing seizure activity. These episodes can range from focal to generalized seizures and may be resistant to standard anticonvulsant treatments initially.

Motor Dysfunction and Involuntary Movements

Abnormal movements and motor impairments are another key feature. Patients may develop dyskinesias, tremors, or other forms of uncontrolled movements. In some cases, muscle rigidity or weakness may also occur.

Altered Level of Consciousness

Decreased awareness or responsiveness is a concerning symptom that may indicate disease progression. This can range from mild drowsiness to more severe states such as stupor or coma, depending on the extent of brain involvement.

Autonomic Instability and Breathing Difficulties

Disruption of autonomic functions can lead to complications such as irregular heart rate, blood pressure fluctuations, and central hypoventilation. These symptoms can be life-threatening and often require intensive medical support.