Myasthenia Gravis: Understanding Its Primary Symptoms

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the communication between nerves and muscles at the neuromuscular junction. This condition leads to varying degrees of muscular weakness and fatigue. Below are the key clinical manifestations associated with the disease.

Common Symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis

1. Muscle Weakness and Fatigue

One of the hallmark signs of MG is weakness in either specific or widespread skeletal muscles. Patients often experience difficulty walking, lifting objects, or performing daily tasks. Symptoms typically worsen in the evening or after physical exertion, while they tend to improve in the morning or after rest — a pattern known as "diurnal variation." Eye muscles are commonly affected, resulting in droopy eyelids (ptosis), which can occur on one or both sides.

2. Double Vision (Diplopia)

Individuals with MG may experience double vision due to weakened eye muscles. This occurs when the eyes are unable to align properly, causing the brain to receive two separate images.

3. Speech and Swallowing Difficulties

When the muscles of the throat and mouth are affected, patients may develop a hoarse or nasal-sounding voice. Chewing and swallowing can become challenging, and some may experience coughing or choking while drinking liquids due to impaired coordination of the throat muscles.

4. Limb Weakness

Weakness in the arms and legs can lead to difficulty in raising the arms, climbing stairs, or standing up from a seated position. This can significantly impact mobility and independence.

5. Neck and Head Control Issues

Weakness in the neck muscles, particularly the ones responsible for holding up the head, can make it difficult for individuals to lift or support their head properly, a condition often referred to as "head drop."

6. Respiratory Failure (Myasthenic Crisis)

In severe cases, the respiratory muscles can become involved, leading to a life-threatening condition known as a myasthenic crisis. This results in acute breathing difficulties and requires immediate medical attention, often necessitating mechanical ventilation to support respiration until symptoms improve.