Commonly Used Medications for Treating Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the nervous system. While physical activity and exercise play supportive roles in managing symptoms, the primary form of treatment involves medication. There are several categories of drugs commonly used in the management of Parkinson's disease, each targeting different aspects of the condition.

Major Drug Categories for Parkinson's Treatment

1. Levodopa-Based Medications

One of the most effective and widely used treatments is levodopa, often combined with carbidopa to enhance its effectiveness. Common brand names include Madopar and Sinemet. Levodopa helps replenish dopamine levels in the brain, significantly improving motor symptoms such as tremors and rigidity.

2. Dopamine Receptor Agonists

Drugs like Pramipexole and Rotigotine act as dopamine agonists, mimicking the effects of dopamine in the brain. These medications can be used early in treatment or alongside levodopa as the disease progresses. While effective, they tend to be more expensive and may cause side effects like drowsiness or impulse control disorders.

3. COMT Inhibitors

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, such as Entacapone (brand name Comtan), help prolong the effect of levodopa by preventing its breakdown in the body. These are usually prescribed when levodopa starts to become less effective over time.

4. MAO-B Inhibitors

Examples include Selegiline and Rasagiline. These drugs inhibit the breakdown of dopamine by blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase B. They are typically used in early-stage Parkinson's or in combination with other medications.

Other Commonly Prescribed Medications

Amantadine is another medication used to treat Parkinson's symptoms, especially in the early stages. It can provide short-term relief, usually lasting about 2–3 months before its effectiveness diminishes. However, one notable side effect is ankle edema, which can be quite pronounced in some patients.

Recommended Treatment Approach

Madopar (levodopa/carbidopa) remains one of the most frequently prescribed medications due to its proven efficacy. Treatment typically starts with a low dose, often a quarter of a tablet taken 3–4 times daily. The dosage is gradually increased based on the patient's response and tolerance. If no significant side effects occur, the dose can be increased to half a tablet, taken 3–4 times a day, to better manage symptoms and improve quality of life.