What Causes Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is primarily characterized by the degeneration and death of dopamine-producing neurons in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. This leads to a significant decrease in dopamine levels in the striatum, resulting in the motor symptoms associated with the condition. Although the exact causes of Parkinson's disease are not yet fully understood, researchers believe that a combination of genetic, environmental, and biological factors may contribute to its development. Among these, aging remains the most significant risk factor. Epidemiological studies have shown a clear increase in the incidence of Parkinson's as people grow older.

Genetic Influences

Approximately 10% of individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease have a clear family history of the condition. To date, scientists have identified more than 20 different genes linked to the development of Parkinson's, suggesting that genetic factors play an important role in its onset. These genetic mutations are especially relevant in cases where symptoms appear at an earlier age. While inherited forms of Parkinson's are relatively rare, ongoing research continues to uncover new genetic markers that may increase susceptibility to the disease.

Environmental Triggers

Exposure to Toxins

Long-term exposure to certain environmental toxins—such as pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial solvents—has been associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. These substances may contribute to oxidative stress and neuronal damage, which are believed to play a role in the progression of the disease. While the evidence is still evolving, some studies suggest that occupational exposure or living in rural areas with higher pesticide use could be contributing factors.

Secondary Parkinsonism

In some cases, symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease can result from other conditions, a phenomenon known as parkinsonism. Causes may include cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, or the misuse of certain medications. However, unlike idiopathic Parkinson's disease, these secondary forms often show a poor response to standard Parkinson's medications. Accurate diagnosis is crucial, as treatment approaches and prognosis can differ significantly between Parkinson's disease and other parkinsonian syndromes.