Epileptic Seizures: When Are They More Likely To Occur?

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, short-term, and stereotyped seizures. The causes of epilepsy are complex and varied, and numerous factors can influence the occurrence of seizures. Changes in the internal or external environment of individuals with epilepsy can, under certain conditions, trigger or worsen seizures. Below are some of the most common contributing factors:

Age as a Key Factor

Seizures tend to occur more frequently in specific age groups. Approximately 60-80% of epilepsy cases begin before the age of 20. Children between the ages of 2 and 12 are particularly susceptible, often due to acute infections, febrile seizures, or birth-related injuries. In the 12 to 18 age range, cases are more commonly linked to idiopathic epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, or vascular malformations.

Impact of Sleep-Wake Cycles

The timing of seizures is often connected to the sleep-wake cycle. For example, generalized tonic-clonic seizures frequently occur shortly after waking up in the morning. Infantile spasms tend to happen during transitions between wakefulness and sleep—typically after waking or before bedtime. Additionally, benign rolandic epilepsy (also known as centrotemporal epilepsy) often manifests during sleep.

Internal Body Changes and Hormonal Fluctuations

Fluctuations in the body's internal environment, such as electrolyte imbalances or metabolic changes, can play a role in triggering seizures. Some female patients experience seizures exclusively during menstruation or early pregnancy, suggesting a hormonal influence on seizure activity.

External Triggers and Lifestyle Factors

Several external and behavioral factors can provoke seizures. These include fatigue, lack of sleep, hunger, constipation, alcohol consumption, drug overdose, flashing lights, and intense emotional reactions. For example, hyperventilation can trigger absence seizures, excessive water intake may lead to generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and strobe-like lighting can induce myoclonic seizures.

Conclusion: Managing Epilepsy Effectively

In summary, both internal and external changes in the body can act as seizure triggers for individuals with epilepsy. While consistent and prescribed medical treatment is essential, managing lifestyle factors is equally important. By identifying and avoiding personal triggers, patients can significantly reduce the frequency and intensity of seizures, ultimately improving their quality of life and achieving better seizure control.