What Are the First Aid Measures for Epileptic Seizures?

Epilepsy can manifest in various forms, including partial seizures, psychomotor seizures, or minor episodes, which typically last for a short duration and are not life-threatening. However, during a major epileptic seizure, the patient may suddenly collapse, lose consciousness, and experience prolonged convulsions, which can pose a serious threat to life. Because such seizures occur abruptly and without warning, bystanders may not be prepared. If someone is present during a seizure, it is important to understand the correct emergency response, including preventing injury from falling, positioning the head, protecting the joints, and administering medication when necessary.

Immediate Actions During a Seizure

1. Prevent Falls and Physical Injury

If a seizure occurs while the person is standing, they may fall abruptly. If the person is seated, the fall may be slower, and others can assist by gently supporting them to the ground. This helps prevent head trauma or other injuries caused by a sudden collapse.

2. Position the Head to the Side

During a seizure, excessive saliva may be produced, and the person may be unable to swallow. Tilting the head to one side allows saliva to drain out of the mouth, preventing aspiration into the airway, which could lead to choking or even pneumonia.

3. Protect the Joints and Limbs

It is a common misconception that one should restrain the person's limbs or press on their joints during a seizure. In fact, doing so may cause dislocation or fractures. The correct approach is to place soft materials, such as a towel or sponge, under the person's limbs to cushion any movements and reduce the risk of injury.

When to Seek Medical Help

4. Administer Emergency Medication if Qualified

Call emergency services immediately (such as 911 or 120) or seek professional medical help as soon as possible. If the seizure does not stop and the patient is in a continuous state of convulsion, trained personnel may administer a dose of diazepam intravenously. Diazepam is a fast-acting and effective medication commonly used in the emergency treatment of seizures. Often, one injection is enough to stop the episode. If necessary, a second dose may be given after 15–20 minutes.

Once the seizure has subsided, the immediate danger usually passes, and the individual can be evaluated for further diagnosis and treatment. Understanding and applying these first aid steps can significantly improve outcomes during a seizure emergency.