Causes of Epilepsy in Children

Epilepsy in children is a neurological disorder caused by excessive electrical activity in the brain, leading to central nervous system dysfunction. The underlying causes of epilepsy can be categorized into six main groups: structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immune-related, and unknown causes.

Structural Causes

Structural causes refer to visible abnormalities detected through neuroimaging techniques such as MRI scans. These abnormalities, including brain malformations, tumors, or injuries, are clinically identified as the source of epileptic seizures. In such cases, the physical irregularity within the brain directly contributes to seizure activity.

Genetic Factors

Genetic causes involve mutations in specific genes that are known or suspected to lead to epilepsy. The genetic basis of epilepsy is complex and varied. In some cases, medical professionals can identify known epilepsy-related genes, while in others, a clear genetic mutation may not yet be detectable. However, experts believe that further genetic abnormalities will be uncovered as molecular genetics continues to advance.

Infectious Triggers

Infections can also lead to recurrent seizures. Conditions such as tuberculosis, cerebral malaria, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have been linked to epilepsy. These infections can cause inflammation or damage to the brain, increasing the risk of seizure development.

Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic causes occur when epilepsy is directly triggered by a known or suspected metabolic disorder. Examples include amino acid metabolism disorders or pyridoxine dependency, where imbalances in biochemical processes interfere with normal brain function and lead to seizures.

Immune-Mediated Causes

Immune-related epilepsy arises from autoimmune inflammation within the central nervous system. In these cases, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks brain tissue, potentially resulting in seizure activity. Autoimmune encephalitis is one example that can lead to such seizure disorders.

Unknown Causes

In some cases, despite thorough medical evaluation, the exact cause of epilepsy remains unidentified. These cases are classified as having an unknown etiology, but ongoing research and diagnostic advancements may eventually provide clearer answers.