Brain Stroke: Which Blood Vessels in the Brain Are Affected?

Brain strokes can occur due to blockages in various blood vessels within the brain. Commonly affected vessels include the middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, and posterior communicating artery, as well as smaller branches of these major arteries.

Effects of Major Vessel Blockage

When a large blood vessel becomes blocked, it can lead to a significant area of brain tissue being affected. This can result in severe neurological symptoms, including altered consciousness such as drowsiness, stupor, coma, or even a vegetative state. In some cases, patients may experience a loss of cortical function while brainstem reflexes remain intact, known as a decorticate state.

Posterior Circulation Stroke

Blockages in the posterior cerebral artery or the posterior communicating artery are classified as posterior circulation strokes. These types of strokes often present with symptoms such as ataxia, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty maintaining balance. In more severe cases, patients may develop bulbar palsy, which affects the muscles used for speaking and swallowing, and in extreme situations, quadriplegia may occur.

Small Vessel Disease and Its Impact

When smaller blood vessels are affected, the symptoms are usually more localized. Patients may experience sensory or motor deficits on one side of the body, such as weakness or numbness. Other common signs include dizziness, impaired coordination, imbalance, and cognitive difficulties like trouble concentrating or memory loss.

Understanding the specific vessel involved helps doctors determine the most effective treatment and rehabilitation strategies. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes and minimizing long-term disability.