Brain Stroke Complications and How to Manage Them

Brain stroke, commonly known as ischemic stroke, is referred to as "Zhong Feng" or stroke in traditional Chinese medicine. It occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced due to various causes, preventing brain tissue from getting enough oxygen and nutrients. This leads to neurological dysfunction and can be classified into different types such as cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, or lacunar infarction. Among these, cerebral thrombosis accounts for approximately 60% of all cases, making it the most common form of brain infarction.

Common Complications During the Acute and Recovery Phases

During both the acute phase and the recovery period of a brain stroke, patients are at high risk of developing various complications. These complications can significantly increase the risk of poor outcomes and prolonged recovery time if not properly managed. Early identification and intervention are essential to improve the patient's prognosis.

1. Aspiration Pneumonia

One of the most common complications after a stroke is aspiration pneumonia. This occurs when food, liquid, or saliva is inhaled into the lungs due to impaired swallowing function. Patients with dysphagia are particularly vulnerable, making early screening and dietary adjustments crucial in preventing this condition.

2. Pressure Ulcers (Bedsores)

Immobility after a stroke can lead to pressure ulcers, especially in patients who remain in bed or a wheelchair for extended periods. These sores typically develop on areas of the skin that cover bony prominences, such as the heels, hips, and lower back. Regular repositioning and proper skin care are vital to preventing this complication.

3. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Stroke survivors may experience urinary incontinence or retention, increasing the risk of urinary tract infections. The use of indwelling urinary catheters also contributes to this risk. Maintaining proper hygiene and limiting catheter use when possible can help reduce infection rates.

4. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Reduced mobility can cause blood to pool in the legs, increasing the likelihood of deep vein thrombosis. If a blood clot dislodges and travels to the lungs, it can cause a potentially life-threatening pulmonary embolism. Prophylactic measures such as compression stockings, early mobilization, and anticoagulant therapy may be necessary depending on the patient's condition.

5. Malnutrition Due to Swallowing Difficulties

Dysphagia is a frequent issue following a stroke, which can lead to inadequate nutrient intake and subsequent malnutrition. A speech-language pathologist can assess swallowing ability and recommend appropriate dietary modifications or feeding strategies, such as thickened liquids or enteral feeding if necessary.

Importance of Prevention and Nursing Care

Effective prevention and management of these complications are key components of comprehensive stroke care. Close monitoring, early rehabilitation, and a multidisciplinary approach involving nurses, physiotherapists, dietitians, and medical professionals are essential to minimizing risks and promoting recovery. By addressing complications proactively, healthcare providers can significantly improve the quality of life and long-term outcomes for stroke survivors.