What Is Lacunar Infarction

Lacunar infarction occurs when small arteries deep within the brain become blocked, often as a result of conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. These diseases contribute to the hardening of arteries, which can lead to the occlusion of terminal branches of cerebral arteries. When this happens, the surrounding brain tissue becomes ischemic and necrotic. Over time, some of this damaged tissue is absorbed by the body, leaving behind small cavities known as lacunar infarcts.

Understanding the Characteristics of Lacunar Infarction

The size of a lacunar infarction typically ranges from 0.2 to 15 millimeters, slightly larger than the diameter of the affected small blood vessels. Many patients may not experience any noticeable symptoms, making lacunar infarction difficult to detect without advanced imaging techniques such as CT scans or MRI. These scans often reveal small areas of damage, typically located in deep brain structures like the internal capsule, putamen, caudate nucleus, corona radiata, and semioval center.

Potential Symptoms and Long-Term Effects

When multiple lacunar infarcts are present, they can contribute to brain atrophy, potentially leading to symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and memory problems. Some individuals may only experience mild cognitive impairment, particularly in memory function, while others may remain completely asymptomatic. In many cases, the presence of lacunar infarction is only discovered incidentally during routine brain imaging.

Why Early Detection Matters

Because lacunar infarcts often go unnoticed, regular neurological screening is essential, especially for those with risk factors like high blood pressure or diabetes. Early diagnosis can help prevent further damage and reduce the risk of more severe cerebrovascular events. Understanding the signs and implications of lacunar infarction is key to managing long-term brain health and maintaining cognitive function as we age.