Liver Cirrhosis and Its Connection to Primary Liver Cancer

Primary liver cancer often develops in livers already affected by cirrhosis, a condition characterized by chronic inflammation, liver cell damage, and the growth of fibrous tissue. In response to this damage, the liver attempts to repair itself through regeneration. However, this regenerative process can lead to the formation of nodules—abnormal clusters of liver cells that have a higher risk of becoming cancerous.

During this phase, inflammatory factors and viral infections such as hepatitis B or C can further disrupt normal liver cell function, leading to abnormal cell proliferation. In addition, patients with cirrhosis often suffer from weakened immune systems, which reduces the body's ability to detect and destroy potentially cancerous cells. As a result, these abnormal cells may grow unchecked and develop into liver cancer.

It's important to note that while most chronic liver diseases do not progress to cirrhosis, a small percentage—typically less than 5%—can still lead to malignancy. Therefore, patients with chronic liver conditions should undergo regular screening for liver cancer. High-risk individuals include those suffering from chronic hepatitis B or C, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, autoimmune liver disorders, and inherited metabolic liver diseases. Additionally, people who regularly consume food contaminated with aflatoxins are also at increased risk.

Recommended screening methods include blood tests for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and abdominal ultrasound imaging. These screenings should be performed every 3 to 6 months to increase the chances of early detection, when treatment is most effective.