Trigeminal Neuralgia: Understanding Its Location And Treatment

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the face, specifically the areas innervated by the trigeminal nerve. This nerve has three major branches, each responsible for sensation in different parts of the face. The second branch, known as the maxillary division, is most commonly affected. It runs through the area between the eye and the mouth, covering the upper jaw. The first branch, or ophthalmic division, affects the region above the eyes and extends to the forehead. The third branch, called the mandibular division, is responsible for sensation below the mouth, covering the lower jaw.

Understanding The Source Of The Pain

Although the pain is felt in the face, the actual cause of trigeminal neuralgia lies within the skull. The trigeminal nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the brain at a point known as the trigeminal nerve root. When a blood vessel compresses this root, it can cause intense, shock-like facial pain. This compression is the most common cause of the condition and is a key focus during treatment.

The Surgical Approach To Treatment

Surgery for trigeminal neuralgia does not involve direct incisions on the face. Instead, neurosurgeons access the affected nerve through a small incision behind the ear. This area contains a natural anatomical pathway that allows for a quick, safe, and minimally invasive route to the cranial cavity. Through this approach, the surgeon can identify the point where the blood vessel is pressing against the trigeminal nerve.

How The Procedure Works

Once the site of compression is located, a small piece of biocompatible material is inserted between the nerve and the vessel. This material acts as a cushion, effectively separating the two structures and relieving the pressure. As a result, the abnormal pain signals are stopped, and the patient typically experiences significant relief.

This microvascular decompression technique is considered one of the most effective long-term solutions for trigeminal neuralgia, offering lasting pain relief with minimal risk when performed by experienced specialists.