Trigeminal Neuralgia: Understanding the Causes and Symptoms
Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for transmitting sensations from the face to the brain. This condition typically involves sudden, severe, and recurring facial pain that feels like electric shocks or sharp knife-like sensations. The pain usually affects one side of the face and can occur in different areas, such as the eye, upper jaw, or lower jaw, depending on which branch of the trigeminal nerve is involved.What Causes Trigeminal Neuralgia?
There are two primary categories of trigeminal neuralgia: classical (or idiopathic) and secondary.1. Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia
Classical trigeminal neuralgia occurs without a clear underlying cause. It is often characterized by sudden, stabbing pain that lasts for a few seconds to a couple of minutes. The pain typically appears out of nowhere and disappears just as quickly. This type of neuralgia is often triggered by mild stimulation of the face, such as talking, chewing, or even a light breeze.
2. Secondary Trigeminal Neuralgia
Secondary trigeminal neuralgia is caused by an underlying condition that puts pressure on the trigeminal nerve. Possible causes include tumors, multiple sclerosis, vascular abnormalities, infections, or inflammation of blood vessels. Unlike the classical type, the pain may be more constant and less episodic, and it may be accompanied by other neurological symptoms.
Common Triggers and Symptoms
Patients with trigeminal neuralgia often experience trigger points on their face — areas like the lips, tongue, or nose tip — where even the lightest touch can provoke intense pain. Everyday activities such as brushing teeth, shaving, eating, or speaking can set off these painful episodes. The fear of triggering an attack can significantly impact a person's quality of life and lead to avoidance of normal daily routines.