Managing High Blood Sugar During Pregnancy

Controlling high blood sugar during pregnancy often involves the use of insulin, as oral medications may pass through the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Elevated blood sugar levels during pregnancy can occur in two scenarios: one where the woman already has diabetes prior to pregnancy, and another where blood sugar levels rise during pregnancy but return to normal after childbirth. The latter condition is known as gestational diabetes. In some cases, if blood sugar levels remain high after delivery, the woman may have developed type 2 diabetes.

Why Managing Blood Sugar During Pregnancy Matters

Proper management of high blood sugar during pregnancy is crucial, as it can have serious implications for both the mother and the baby. For the fetus, uncontrolled blood sugar levels can increase the risk of birth defects, miscarriage, and premature birth. During the second trimester, excessive maternal glucose levels can lead to complications such as polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid) and macrosomia (a significantly larger than average baby). For the mother, high blood sugar can contribute to acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, recurring respiratory infections, and skin infections. It can also accelerate the progression of chronic diabetes-related complications.

Blood Sugar Targets for Gestational Diabetes

Recommended Levels

To minimize risks, healthcare providers typically recommend strict blood glucose control for pregnant women with diabetes or gestational diabetes. The target fasting blood sugar level should be below 5.1 mmol/L, while the 2-hour post-meal blood sugar level should be maintained under 8.5 mmol/L. These guidelines help ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby throughout the pregnancy.

Strategies for Effective Blood Sugar Control

Managing blood sugar during pregnancy requires a balanced approach that avoids both hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Women are advised to follow a healthy, well-balanced diet tailored by a registered dietitian, engage in regular physical activity as recommended by their healthcare provider, and monitor their blood glucose levels frequently. Insulin therapy may be necessary when lifestyle modifications alone are insufficient in achieving target blood sugar levels.