Hormones That Increase Blood Sugar Levels

There are several hormones in the human body that play a key role in elevating blood glucose levels. These hormones are essential for maintaining energy balance, especially during times of stress or fasting. Understanding how they function can help in managing conditions like diabetes and hormonal imbalances.

1. Growth Hormone

Growth hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, is well known for its role in growth and metabolism. However, it also has a significant impact on increasing blood sugar levels. In conditions such as acromegaly or gigantism, where there is an overproduction of growth hormone, patients often experience elevated blood glucose levels. This effect occurs because growth hormone reduces the ability of insulin to promote glucose uptake in tissues.

2. Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol, are steroid hormones released by the adrenal glands. Cortisol increases blood sugar by stimulating gluconeogenesis — the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources — and by reducing glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Excess cortisol, as seen in Cushing's syndrome, leads to a condition known as glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia. Patients may exhibit central obesity, with thin limbs and a rounded face, and often struggle to lose weight even with medication.

3. Glucagon

Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas and works in opposition to insulin. When blood sugar levels drop, glucagon signals the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. This hormone is crucial for preventing hypoglycemia. In contrast, insulin, produced by beta cells, lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

The Delicate Balance Between Glucagon and Insulin

While many hormones can raise blood sugar, only insulin effectively lowers it. This makes the function of pancreatic beta cells vital for maintaining stable glucose levels. If beta cell function deteriorates or their numbers decrease, as in type 1 or advanced type 2 diabetes, blood glucose levels can rise uncontrollably. Therefore, preserving beta cell health is a key factor in managing metabolic health and preventing chronic hyperglycemia.