The Health Risks of High Blood Pressure and High Blood Sugar

High blood pressure primarily affects small arteries, while high blood sugar mainly impacts large blood vessels and microvessels. When both conditions exist simultaneously, the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events significantly increases. Moreover, these conditions can cause damage to various organs throughout the body and may worsen existing health issues.

Damage to Large Blood Vessels

Patients may experience transient ischemic attacks, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, renal artery hardening, kidney failure, peripheral artery disease, and intermittent claudication. These complications arise due to the progressive damage to major blood vessels, which can restrict blood flow and lead to life-threatening conditions.

Microcirculation Impairment

Microvascular damage caused by diabetes can lead to diabetic nephropathy, characterized by microalbuminuria or significant proteinuria and a decline in glomerular filtration rate. Diabetic neuropathy can also develop, resulting in reduced sensation in the extremities and potentially leading to diabetic foot ulcers. Additionally, the formation of microvascular tumors and proliferative changes can result in vision loss or complete blindness.

Damage to Small Arteries

High blood pressure can cause narrowing of the retinal arteries, retinal exudation, and optic disc edema. These changes in the small blood vessels of the eyes can also lead to severe visual impairment or blindness if left untreated.