Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Understanding This Common Congenital Heart Defect

The ductus arteriosus is a naturally occurring blood vessel in fetal development that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. During fetal life, this vessel allows blood to bypass the lungs, as the fetus receives oxygen directly from the mother through the placenta. After birth, when the baby begins breathing independently, the ductus arteriosus typically closes within 10 to 15 hours and eventually transforms into a fibrous band of tissue known as the ligamentum arteriosum.

What Happens When the Ductus Arteriosus Remains Open?

When this connection fails to close after birth, it results in a condition known as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). In this condition, oxygen-rich blood from the aorta mixes with oxygen-poor blood from the pulmonary artery, which can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs and potentially cause strain on the heart over time. PDA is one of the more commonly diagnosed congenital heart defects and accounts for approximately 15% to 20% of all congenital heart disease cases.

Who Is Most Affected by Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

This heart condition is significantly more prevalent in females than in males, with statistics showing that females are affected at a rate nearly two times higher than males. While it can occur in any infant, premature babies are at a higher risk for developing PDA due to the underdevelopment of their cardiovascular system.