Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Understanding Its Impact on Infants

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta, remains open after a baby is born. Normally, this vessel closes within the first few days of life. If it remains open beyond a month, it can lead to various health concerns depending on the size of the opening.

How the Size of the Ductus Affects Symptoms

The severity of PDA symptoms largely depends on the diameter of the open vessel. In cases where the ductus is only slightly open—such as a 2–3 mm opening—most infants may not experience any noticeable symptoms. These small openings often don't interfere with normal growth and development, and some may even close on their own without medical intervention.

Symptoms of Larger Ductus Openings

Common Signs in Infants with Larger PDAs

However, when the opening is larger—typically more than 5 mm—symptoms can become more apparent. Infants may suffer from frequent respiratory infections, including pneumonia, due to increased blood flow to the lungs. Other signs include rapid or labored breathing, difficulty feeding, poor weight gain, and excessive sweating, especially during meals.

Potential Complications and Treatment Options

If left untreated, a large PDA can cause the left ventricle of the heart to enlarge due to the increased volume of blood it must pump. Over time, this can lead to secondary complications such as mitral valve insufficiency, where the heart valve doesn't close properly, worsening the condition. In such cases, early medical intervention is crucial.

Treatment typically involves either surgical ligation or a less invasive procedure known as catheter-based closure. Both options are effective in sealing the ductus and preventing further complications, allowing the child to develop normally without long-term health issues.