Ventricular Septal Defect Symptoms and Clinical Manifestations

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a common type of congenital heart disease characterized by an abnormal opening in the wall that separates the two lower chambers of the heart. As a result of this defect, oxygen-rich blood flows from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, leading to a variety of clinical symptoms, especially in early childhood or even infancy.

Heart Failure and Cardiac Dysfunction

One of the most common signs of VSD is heart failure, particularly in infants and young children. Parents may notice that their child has difficulty feeding, appears weak during meals, or tires easily while nursing. This is due to the increased workload on the heart and the body's inability to efficiently deliver oxygenated blood to tissues.

Delayed Growth and Development

Children with untreated VSD often experience delays in growth and development. Feeding difficulties can lead to poor weight gain and slower physical growth. Additionally, these children may sweat excessively, especially during feeding or minimal physical activity. The increased pulmonary blood flow caused by the left-to-right shunt makes them more susceptible to frequent respiratory infections, such as colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

Cyanosis in Advanced Cases

In more severe or long-standing cases where the VSD remains untreated, a condition known as Eisenmenger syndrome may develop. This occurs when the direction of blood flow reverses from left-to-right to right-to-left due to increased pulmonary pressure. As a result, children may begin to show signs of cyanosis — a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and nail beds — due to lower oxygen levels in the blood.

Conclusion

Recognizing the early signs of ventricular septal defect is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment. If left unaddressed, VSD can lead to serious complications including chronic heart failure, developmental delays, and irreversible lung damage. Parents should consult a pediatric cardiologist if they notice symptoms such as poor feeding, frequent infections, or unusual fatigue in their child.