Open-Heart Surgery for Ventricular Septal Defect: A Step-by-Step Guide

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a common congenital heart condition that often requires surgical intervention. Open-heart surgery is one of the most effective methods to repair this type of defect. The procedure involves several critical steps, each designed to ensure patient safety and successful recovery.

Preparation and Anesthesia

The first step in the surgical process is to administer general anesthesia. This ensures the patient remains unconscious and pain-free throughout the procedure. Vital signs are closely monitored to maintain stable physiological conditions before, during, and after the surgery.

Accessing the Heart

Once the patient is under anesthesia, the surgeon makes a median sternotomy incision—cutting through the breastbone to access the heart. The ribcage is gently spread apart to provide a clear view of the heart and surrounding structures.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Heart Arrest

To allow precise surgical repair, the patient is connected to a heart-lung bypass machine. This machine temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs, circulating oxygenated blood throughout the body. A special solution called cardioplegia is then delivered to stop the heart, allowing the surgical team to work in a still environment.

Repairing the Ventricular Septal Defect

The surgeon carefully opens the pericardium and locates the VSD. The defect is then repaired using either a synthetic patch or sutures, depending on its size and location. Once the repair is complete, a solution to restart the heart (cardioplegia reversal) is administered, and the heart is carefully monitored as it resumes normal rhythm and function.

Recovery and Post-Operative Monitoring

After confirming that the heart is beating normally and the repair is secure, the surgical team gradually weans the patient off the bypass machine. The chest is then closed using wires to reconnect the sternum, and temporary drainage tubes are placed to prevent fluid buildup.

Final Stages and Awakening

The anesthesia is slowly reduced, allowing the patient to regain consciousness. Medical professionals monitor key indicators such as breathing, heart rate, and awareness. Once stable signs of recovery are observed—including spontaneous breathing, stable heart rhythm, and restored consciousness—the patient is transferred to the recovery unit for further observation and care.