Ventricular Septal Defect: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Impact on Children's Health

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a common type of congenital heart condition that occurs when there is an opening in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart. Normally, this wall, known as the ventricular septum, fully forms during fetal development and is intact in healthy newborns. However, in some cases, the septum does not close completely, resulting in a hole that can vary in size.

How Common is VSD?

Ventricular septal defect is the most frequently diagnosed simple congenital heart disorder, accounting for approximately 20% of all congenital heart defects. It affects children globally and is often identified during routine pediatric checkups or shortly after birth.

Types and Symptoms of VSD

The severity of a VSD depends largely on the size of the opening. Small defects often do not cause any noticeable symptoms and may even close on their own as the child grows. However, larger VSDs—typically those measuring 5 to 10 millimeters or more—can lead to a range of symptoms, including poor feeding, rapid breathing, and reduced stamina during physical activity.

Developmental Concerns

Children with larger ventricular septal defects may also experience delays in growth and development compared to their peers. This is often due to the increased workload on the heart and lungs, which can impact overall energy levels and nutritional intake.

Why Early Detection Matters

Early diagnosis of VSD is crucial for managing symptoms and ensuring proper growth. Pediatricians may detect a heart murmur during a physical exam, which can lead to further diagnostic testing such as an echocardiogram. Identifying the condition early allows for timely medical or surgical intervention when necessary, improving long-term outcomes for affected children.