Causes of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Coronary artery atherosclerosis refers to the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries — the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. This condition is part of a broader, systemic disease process that can affect arteries throughout the body. It is not limited to the heart; similar plaque buildup can occur in the carotid arteries, brain vessels, and even peripheral arteries such as those in the legs.

Key Contributing Factors

One of the primary causes of atherosclerosis is chronic damage to the inner lining of blood vessels. This damage can result from several underlying health conditions and lifestyle choices. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, places extra stress on arterial walls, making them more susceptible to injury and plaque formation.

Metabolic Conditions That Accelerate Atherosclerosis

Diabetes significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease due to elevated blood sugar levels, which can impair vascular function over time. Similarly, hyperlipidemia — high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides — contributes to the accumulation of fatty deposits in the arteries, further promoting plaque development.

External and Behavioral Influences

In addition to medical conditions, external factors such as smoking, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and chronic stress play a major role in the progression of atherosclerosis. These elements can trigger inflammation and oxidative stress in the vascular system, accelerating the formation and growth of arterial plaques.

Early Detection and Treatment Are Crucial

Once atherosclerosis is identified — particularly when plaque buildup is detected — early intervention is essential. Healthcare professionals typically recommend a combination of lifestyle changes and medications to slow the progression of the disease, reduce the risk of complications, and improve overall cardiovascular health.