Carotid Artery Plaque: Symptoms, Risks, and Detection

Carotid artery plaque can develop silently over time and often does not produce noticeable symptoms until it becomes severe. In mild cases, individuals may experience no symptoms at all. However, when plaque buildup leads to significant narrowing or complete blockage of the carotid artery, it can reduce blood flow to the brain, potentially causing symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, and other signs of cerebral ischemia due to low blood perfusion.

Understanding Carotid Artery Plaque

Carotid artery plaque refers to fatty deposits or atherosclerotic buildups that adhere to the inner walls of the carotid arteries, most commonly found at the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. These plaques are an indicator of carotid artery atherosclerosis. This condition is more prevalent among individuals over the age of 60, as well as those with risk factors such as obesity, smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes.

Types of Plaque and Associated Risks

There are two primary types of carotid artery plaque: hard and soft. Hard plaques are typically calcified and more stable, making them less likely to rupture. However, they can still cause significant narrowing of the artery. Soft plaques, on the other hand, are more vulnerable to breaking off and traveling through the bloodstream, potentially causing an embolic stroke. If a small embolism occurs, symptoms may include dizziness, temporary vision loss, blurred vision, or mild motor impairments. Larger embolisms can lead to more severe complications such as paralysis, speech difficulties, coma, or even death.

Recognizing the Signs of Plaque Rupture

When a plaque ruptures, it can release small particles—emboli—that travel to the brain and block smaller arteries. This can trigger symptoms similar to those of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or a full-blown stroke. These may include sudden confusion, difficulty speaking, facial drooping, weakness on one side of the body, or vision changes. Prompt medical attention is crucial in such cases.

Early Detection and Diagnosis

In its early stages, carotid artery disease often presents no clear symptoms. Most people become aware of plaque buildup during routine health checkups, particularly when a physician orders a carotid ultrasound. This non-invasive test can detect plaque accumulation and assess the degree of arterial narrowing, helping to guide further treatment decisions.

When to Seek Medical Advice

If you experience sudden neurological symptoms such as dizziness, visual disturbances, or motor weakness, it's important to seek immediate medical evaluation. Additionally, individuals with known risk factors should consider regular screening to monitor carotid artery health and prevent potential complications.