Carotid Artery Stenosis: Understanding the Causes and Symptoms

Carotid artery stenosis is primarily caused by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries, which results in the narrowing of the arterial lumen. When this narrowing occurs, the brain may experience varying degrees of reduced blood flow, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, temporary vision loss, and even brief episodes of unconsciousness.

Types of Carotid Plaques

There are two main types of carotid plaques: soft plaques and hard plaques. Soft plaques are considered unstable and are more likely to break off, traveling through the bloodstream and causing blockages elsewhere—these are known as emboli. Hard plaques, on the other hand, are more stable and less likely to dislodge. On a carotid ultrasound, soft plaques appear as hypoechoic (dark) areas, while hard plaques appear hyperechoic (bright). In some cases, mixed plaques exist, representing a transitional stage between soft and hard plaques.

Importance of the Carotid Arteries

The carotid arteries are major blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the head, face, and neck. They are among the primary sources of blood supply to the brain. It is estimated that more than 60% of ischemic strokes are linked to carotid artery stenosis. In severe cases, this condition can lead to significant disability or even death, making it one of the leading health threats in modern society.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

If you experience symptoms such as dizziness, sudden vision disturbances, or brief lapses in consciousness, it is highly recommended to visit a clinic for a carotid Doppler ultrasound. This non-invasive imaging test can detect the presence of plaque buildup and assess the degree of arterial narrowing. If the ultrasound reveals significant stenosis or the presence of ulcerated plaques, further diagnostic tests should be performed under medical supervision.

Treatment for carotid artery stenosis typically falls into three categories: surgical intervention (such as carotid endarterectomy), medication management (including antiplatelet drugs and cholesterol-lowering therapies), and interventional procedures (like carotid artery stenting). The appropriate treatment plan depends on the severity of the stenosis, the patient's overall health, and other individual factors. Early detection and proper management are crucial in preventing serious complications like stroke.