Atherosclerosis in the Elderly: Understanding the Causes and Effects

Atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, can affect various parts of the body—not just the aorta. In older adults, it is particularly common in major arteries such as the coronary arteries, renal arteries, cerebral arteries, and others. This widespread vascular issue becomes more pronounced with age and can lead to a range of serious health complications.

Why Atherosclerosis Is Age-Related

Atherosclerosis is largely considered a condition associated with aging. As people grow older, the walls of their arteries tend to thicken and lose elasticity. This natural aging process, combined with other risk factors like high blood pressure and high cholesterol, accelerates the development of plaque buildup in the arteries. Over time, this can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of cardiovascular events.

Common Types of Atherosclerosis in Older Adults

Among the elderly, several types of atherosclerosis are frequently observed:

• Coronary artery disease – This can lead to chest pain (angina), heart attacks, and even life-threatening conditions like aortic dissection.
• Cerebral atherosclerosis – Hardening of the arteries in the brain increases the risk of stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and brain infarction.
• Renal artery stenosis – Narrowing of the kidney arteries can result in chronic kidney disease, renal failure, and eventually uremia.
• Retinal artery hardening – This can impair vision, cause retinopathy, and potentially lead to blindness.
• Peripheral artery disease (PAD) – Often affects the legs, causing pain while walking (intermittent claudication) that subsides with rest.

Health Risks Associated With Atherosclerosis

The consequences of untreated atherosclerosis can be severe and even fatal. Cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Additionally, peripheral artery disease can significantly reduce mobility and quality of life in seniors, while kidney and eye complications can lead to organ failure and permanent disability.

Preventive Measures and Management

Although atherosclerosis is a natural part of aging to some extent, lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and proper medical management can slow its progression. Controlling blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and managing conditions like diabetes can significantly reduce the risk of complications associated with arterial hardening.