Who Is Prone to Developing Coronary Artery Disease?

Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when plaque—made up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances—builds up along the inner walls of the coronary arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow to the heart, potentially leading to conditions such as angina or myocardial infarction (heart attack). One of the most at-risk groups includes individuals with diabetes. In fact, diabetes is often referred to as a "coronary heart disease equivalent" due to its strong association with increased cardiovascular risk. People with diabetes are placed in the highest risk category for heart disease because elevated blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and contribute to atherosclerosis.

Age as a Contributing Factor

As people age, their risk of developing CAD increases significantly. With the natural aging process, arteries tend to stiffen and lose elasticity, a condition known as arteriosclerosis. Older individuals are more likely to experience plaque buildup in their arteries, making them more susceptible to heart-related complications. Therefore, regular cardiovascular screening becomes increasingly important as one gets older.

Cholesterol Imbalances and Their Effects

Another high-risk group consists of individuals with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. LDL, often called "bad cholesterol," can accumulate on arterial walls, forming plaques that narrow the arteries and impede blood flow. HDL, or "good cholesterol," helps remove LDL from the bloodstream. People with abnormal lipid profiles should undergo routine vascular assessments to detect early signs of plaque formation or arterial narrowing.

Family History and Genetic Predisposition

Those with a family history of early-onset heart disease are also more prone to developing CAD. If a first-degree male relative (such as a father or brother) experienced heart problems before the age of 55, or if a female relative (such as a mother or sister) had heart-related issues before 65, the risk significantly increases. A family history of heart attack or sudden cardiac death is a strong indicator that preventive measures should be taken early in life.

Lifestyle Choices That Increase Risk

Long-term smokers are at a much higher risk of developing coronary artery disease due to the harmful effects of nicotine and other chemicals on the cardiovascular system. Smoking damages the lining of the arteries, making them more prone to plaque buildup. Additionally, individuals who are overweight or obese and those who lead sedentary lifestyles are also more vulnerable. Obesity contributes to hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia—all of which are risk factors for CAD.

Preventive Measures and Risk Reduction

Given these risk factors, it is essential to adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle. This includes maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, quitting smoking, and managing stress. Monitoring blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar regularly can also help identify potential issues early. By making informed lifestyle choices, individuals can significantly reduce their chances of developing coronary artery disease and improve their overall cardiovascular health.