Diagnosis Methods For Cerebral Arterial Atherosclerosis

Cerebral arterial atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply blood to the brain. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are crucial for effective treatment and prevention of complications such as stroke. There are several diagnostic tools available today, each offering unique insights into the condition of the cerebral arteries.

Non-Invasive Imaging Techniques

Transcranial Color-Encoded Duplex Sonography (TCCD or TCD): This ultrasound-based technique is used to assess blood flow velocity in the brain's major arteries. It is particularly useful for detecting stenosis or narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup.

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): MRA uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain. It is highly effective in identifying atherosclerotic changes and can also provide information on blood flow and vessel structure without the need for ionizing radiation.

Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA): CTA combines CT scanning with the injection of a contrast dye to visualize the cerebral arteries. It provides high-resolution images and is particularly useful for detecting calcified plaques and assessing the degree of arterial blockage.

CT Perfusion (CTP): This advanced imaging technique measures blood flow and volume in the brain, helping to identify areas with reduced perfusion due to atherosclerosis. It is often used alongside CTA for a more comprehensive evaluation.

Invasive Diagnostic Procedures

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): Considered the gold standard for vascular imaging, DSA involves inserting a catheter into the blood vessels and injecting contrast dye while taking X-ray images. Although it is an invasive procedure, it offers the highest level of detail and accuracy in diagnosing complex vascular abnormalities.

Laboratory Assessments

Blood Lipid Profile: Patients with cerebral atherosclerosis often exhibit abnormal lipid levels. Common findings include elevated total cholesterol, increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL), reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high triglycerides, increased beta-lipoprotein, and elevated apolipoprotein B. These imbalances contribute to plaque formation and arterial stiffness.

Additional Biomarkers: In some cases, a decrease in lipoprotein(a) and an increase in other inflammatory markers may be observed. These changes can lead to increased blood viscosity and heightened platelet activity, raising the risk of thrombosis and further complicating the disease progression.