Fetal Pulmonary Artery Stenosis – Understanding the Condition

Fetal pulmonary artery stenosis is a type of congenital heart defect that occurs when the pulmonary valve or artery doesn't form properly during fetal development. This condition can restrict blood flow from the heart to the lungs, placing extra strain on the right side of the heart. The most common form is isolated pulmonary valve stenosis, although it can also occur in combination with other heart defects such as patent ductus arteriosus or tetralogy of Fallot.

What Causes Pulmonary Artery Stenosis in Fetuses?

While the exact cause of pulmonary artery stenosis is often unknown, it is generally considered a congenital condition that develops early in pregnancy. Genetic factors, maternal health conditions, and exposure to certain medications or infections during pregnancy may contribute to the development of this heart defect. It's important for expecting parents to attend regular prenatal checkups to detect any abnormalities early.

How Is It Diagnosed During Pregnancy?

This condition is typically identified during a routine prenatal ultrasound or a specialized fetal echocardiogram. If an abnormality is detected, a more detailed cardiac evaluation may be recommended to assess the severity of the stenosis and determine if other heart defects are present. Early diagnosis allows for better planning and management after birth.

Symptoms to Watch for After Birth

After birth, infants with pulmonary artery stenosis may display symptoms such as cyanosis (bluish skin tone), especially during feeding, fatigue, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, or swelling in the legs and abdomen. These signs indicate that the heart is working harder than normal and may require medical intervention.

Long-Term Outlook and Treatment Options

As the child grows, pulmonary artery stenosis can lead to progressive pulmonary hypertension, which increases the risk of heart failure and other complications. Mild cases may not require immediate treatment but should be closely monitored. In more severe cases, interventions such as balloon valvuloplasty or open-heart surgery may be necessary to widen the narrowed valve or artery and improve blood flow.