Mitral Valve Stenosis: Understanding the Condition and Its Impact on Heart Health

Our heart is divided into four chambers: the left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, and right ventricle. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle and is also known as the atrioventricular valve. This valve is composed of seven key components: part of the left atrial wall, the mitral annulus, leaflets, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, part of the left ventricular wall, and the aortic valve support structure. Under normal conditions, the valve opening has an area of 4 to 6 square centimeters, allowing smooth blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle without resistance.

What Happens in Mitral Valve Stenosis?

Mitral valve stenosis occurs when the valve opening becomes narrowed, typically to less than 2 square centimeters. This restriction disrupts normal blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle, leading to changes in hemodynamics. As a result, pressure in the left atrium increases, which can impact cardiac output and cause a range of symptoms.

Structural Components of the Mitral Valve

The mitral valve functions as a complex system that ensures one-way blood flow. Each part of its structure plays a crucial role in maintaining proper valve function. Any damage or abnormality in these components—such as calcification, scarring, or fusion—can lead to stenosis and impair the valve's ability to open fully.

Common Symptoms of Mitral Stenosis

When the mitral valve narrows, individuals may experience a variety of symptoms, especially during physical activity or while lying flat. These symptoms include shortness of breath, chest tightness, persistent coughing, wheezing, production of mucus, coughing up blood, difficulty lying flat at night, and sudden episodes of breathlessness during sleep that improve when sitting upright. These signs often point to the heart's struggle to pump blood efficiently through a restricted valve.

Why Early Detection Matters

Recognizing the early signs of mitral valve stenosis is crucial for managing the condition effectively. If left untreated, it can lead to complications such as atrial fibrillation, blood clots, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension. Regular cardiac evaluations and understanding the risk factors can help in early diagnosis and treatment planning.