Cardiac Arrest: Recognizing the Clinical Signs and Effective Response Strategies

Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by the sudden loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness. Recognizing the signs early and responding quickly can significantly improve survival rates. Understanding the clinical manifestations of cardiac arrest is crucial for both healthcare professionals and the general public.

Key Clinical Symptoms of Cardiac Arrest

One of the most immediate and noticeable signs of cardiac arrest is sudden unconsciousness. The individual will not respond to verbal stimuli or physical touch. Additionally, no heart sounds can be detected upon auscultation, and there is an absence of pulse in major arteries such as the carotid or femoral. The patient will also stop breathing spontaneously, with no visible chest movement.

Diagnostic Confirmation with ECG

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is essential for confirming the diagnosis and identifying the underlying rhythm. Common ECG findings include ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity (PEA), or asystole (flatline). These patterns help guide further resuscitation efforts and determine the most appropriate treatment strategy.

Immediate Response: The Importance of CPR

Once cardiac arrest is confirmed, immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) must be initiated. The first step is continuous chest compressions, which help maintain blood circulation to vital organs. It is crucial to perform compressions at the correct depth and rate—approximately 2 inches deep and at a pace of 100–120 compressions per minute.

Providing Rescue Breaths and Airway Management

After every 30 compressions, the rescuer should clear the airway of any secretions and provide two rescue breaths. This ratio of 30:2 is recommended for single-rescuer CPR. Ensuring a clear airway and delivering effective breaths can enhance oxygen delivery during resuscitation.

Reassessing the Patient After CPR Cycles

Following five cycles of CPR (approximately two minutes), it is important to reassess the patient's condition and vital signs. This includes checking for a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), such as a palpable pulse or signs of breathing. If there is no response, CPR should continue, and advanced life support measures should be considered if available.

Timely recognition of cardiac arrest and prompt initiation of CPR are critical for improving outcomes. Public awareness, training in basic life support, and access to automated external defibrillators (AEDs) can make a life-saving difference in the critical minutes before professional medical help arrives.