Cardiac Arrest: Recognizing the Primary Signs and Immediate Response

Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate recognition and response. The most defining characteristics of cardiac arrest include sudden loss of consciousness, absence of pulse in major arteries, and cessation of breathing. Understanding these signs can significantly increase the chances of survival when every second counts.

Identifying Loss of Consciousness

The first step in identifying cardiac arrest is determining whether the person has lost consciousness. If you find someone collapsed, gently shake their shoulders and call out to them loudly near both ears. If there is no verbal or physical response, this indicates a loss of consciousness, which is one of the key indicators of cardiac arrest.

Checking for Pulse in the Carotid Artery

To confirm the absence of a pulse, use the index and middle fingers of your right hand to locate the carotid artery. This artery lies on either side of the windpipe, approximately two finger-widths from the center of the trachea, and just below the angle of the jaw. Gently press to feel for a pulse, and spend no more than six seconds assessing. If no pulse is detected, it is likely that cardiac arrest has occurred.

Assessing Breathing

The final step is to evaluate the person's breathing. Look for chest movement and check whether air is being expelled through the nose or mouth. If there is no observable rise and fall of the chest and no airflow, this confirms that breathing has stopped.

Immediate Action: Starting CPR

If all three criteria—loss of consciousness, no pulse, and no breathing—are present, it is crucial to act immediately. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) right away. Early CPR can help maintain blood flow to the brain and heart, significantly improving the likelihood of survival until professional medical help arrives.

Recognizing the signs of cardiac arrest quickly and performing CPR effectively can make a life-saving difference. Training in basic life support is highly recommended for all individuals to be prepared in emergency situations.