How to Perform Emergency Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest

One of the most common and effective methods for responding to cardiac arrest is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). During cardiac arrest, breathing often stops simultaneously, making it essential to alternate between chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain circulation and oxygen supply.

Proper Technique for Chest Compressions

To perform chest compressions correctly, place the heel of one hand on the lower half of the patient's sternum and place the other hand on top, interlocking your fingers. Press down vertically with enough force to achieve a depth of 5–6 centimeters. The recommended rate is at least 100 compressions per minute to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs. After every 30 compressions, follow with two rescue breaths to complete a full CPR cycle.

Administering Rescue Breaths

Rescue breaths are crucial for maintaining oxygen levels in the blood. After delivering 30 chest compressions, open the patient's airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. Pinch the nose shut and deliver two slow, steady breaths into the mouth or mask, ensuring the chest rises with each breath before continuing compressions.

Using an Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

If a heart monitor or AED indicates ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, immediate defibrillation is necessary. An AED delivers an electrical shock to the heart, aiming to restore a normal rhythm. It is vital to follow the device's voice prompts and ensure no one is touching the patient during the shock delivery.

Pharmacological Support in CPR

The Role of Epinephrine

Epinephrine (adrenaline) is the most commonly used drug in advanced cardiac life support. It enhances myocardial contractility and improves the chances of restoring spontaneous circulation. Typically, a single intravenous dose is administered, and if there is no response within three minutes, a second dose may be given. Intravenous administration is preferred, but if IV access is delayed, alternative routes such as intramuscular or subcutaneous injection can be considered.