CPR Guide: Steps and Techniques for Effective Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving emergency procedure that combines chest compressions with artificial ventilation to maintain blood circulation and oxygenation when someone experiences cardiac arrest. Performing CPR correctly can significantly increase the chances of survival before professional medical help arrives.

Initial Assessment and Safety

Before approaching the victim, it's crucial to assess the environment for safety. If someone collapses in a dangerous location, such as in the middle of a busy road, carefully move them to a safer area to avoid causing further harm. Ensuring your own safety and that of the victim is the first step in any emergency response.

Checking for Consciousness

Once the area is secure, check the person's level of consciousness. Call out loudly and gently tap their shoulders. If there is no response, this indicates that the person may be unconscious and requires immediate assistance. Do not waste time trying to find a pulse at this stage—focus on responsiveness.

Evaluating Breathing and Circulation

Next, check for normal breathing by looking for chest movement and listening closely for at least 5 but no more than 10 seconds. At the same time, feel for a pulse by locating the carotid artery—found approximately 2–3 cm to the left or right of the Adam's apple. If there is no breathing or pulse, it's time to begin CPR immediately.

Proper Positioning for CPR

Place the person on a firm surface such as the floor, a wooden board, or a bed. Kneel beside their chest, preferably on the right side of the victim for optimal hand placement.

Correct Hand Placement and Compression Technique

Position the heel of your left hand on the lower third of the victim's sternum—specifically the center of the chest between the nipples. Place your right hand over the left, interlocking your fingers and keeping both arms straight. Use your body weight to compress the chest to a depth of about 5–6 centimeters at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute. Maintain a steady rhythm without pausing unnecessarily.

Combining Compressions with Rescue Breaths

After every 30 compressions, give 2 rescue breaths. Before delivering breaths, ensure the airway is clear by removing any visible obstructions or secretions from the mouth. Tilt the head back slightly and lift the chin, then pinch the nose shut and make a complete seal over the person's mouth with yours. Blow for about 1 second, watching for the chest to rise. Repeat once more before returning to compressions.

Completing the CPR Cycle

Continue performing cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths for a total of five rounds. After this, reassess the victim's breathing and pulse. If there is still no sign of life, continue CPR until emergency medical services arrive or the person shows signs of recovery.