Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Potential Complications

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving emergency procedure that can significantly increase the chances of survival during cardiac arrest. However, if not performed correctly, it may lead to various complications. Understanding these risks is essential for both healthcare providers and laypersons administering CPR.

Common Complications of CPR

Chest and Rib Injuries

One of the most frequently reported complications during CPR is trauma to the chest area. Excessive force, improper hand placement, or performing compressions on individuals with fragile bones—such as elderly patients with osteoporosis—can result in rib fractures or even sternal fractures. These injuries can, in turn, lead to more severe conditions such as pneumothorax (collapsed lung), hemothorax (blood in the pleural cavity), or hemopneumothorax (a combination of both air and blood in the chest cavity).

Internal Organ Damage

In more severe cases, fractured ribs may puncture nearby organs. For instance, a broken rib can cause liver lacerations if it pierces the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Similarly, spleen injuries can occur on the left side. In rare and critical cases, cardiac tamponade—a life-threatening condition where blood or fluids accumulate around the heart—may develop if the heart itself is injured during compressions.

Gastrointestinal Complications

When performing rescue breathing, excessive air volume or prolonged insufflation can cause gastric distension. This buildup of air in the stomach may lead to vomiting and subsequent aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs. Aspiration can trigger serious respiratory issues such as aspiration pneumonia, which requires immediate medical intervention.

How to Minimize CPR-Related Injuries

To reduce the risk of complications, it is crucial to follow the latest CPR guidelines established by recognized health organizations. Proper hand positioning, correct compression depth, and appropriate ventilation techniques are key to effective and safe CPR. Training and regular refresher courses can help rescuers stay updated on best practices and improve outcomes for patients in cardiac arrest.